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[Music]

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the story of the kings and queens of

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England is more surprising than you

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might think it's a fine drama a thousand

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years of tales of lust and betrayal of

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heroism and cruelty of mysteries murders

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tragedies and triumphs but there's more

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<font color="

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reliable chronicles describes how a king

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of england proposed adopting islam as

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the national religion this episode the

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first of six includes that tale it tells

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the story<font color="

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to 1216 from one French invader William

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to the next Louis yes Louis another

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surprise a king of England who's pretty

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much disappeared from history it's

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easier to say where the history of the

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English<font color="

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begins it ended on the 14th of October

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1066 here at what became battle a beyond

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cent Lac hill near Hastings

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we all know that this was where Harold

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was killed and replaced by William the

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<font color="

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Englishman to be crowned king from then

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on the sovereign would always be from a

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foreign family right down to Queen

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Elizabeth the second

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so a history of the kings and queens of

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England isn't like the history of kings

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and<font color="

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what happened here on that October day

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started a completely new history which

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is why it's the one dating history that

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everybody knows 1066 the story of that

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day was spelled out in a strip cartoon

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<font color="

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for Williams brother odo here's our

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heroes first appearance in the story

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that's William Duke of Normandy about 37

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years old in 1064 he's being told that

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Harold Godwinson<font color="

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time has been shipwrecked on the French

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coast one of these guys is Godwinson I

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think it's the chap with the handlebar

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<font color="

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than William and the most powerful man

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in England after King Edward these are

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both pretty hard men survivors in a very

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tough world Williams spent his whole

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<font color="

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at it by the time he was 20 he de

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stablished complete control over

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Normandy from then on he was fighting

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hang on to what he had he got Harold to

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help him in one of those battles

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capturing<font color="

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apparently as the price of letting and

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go home had Harold swell to support him

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in becoming the next king of England

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<font color="

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is not what happened

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[Applause]

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[Music]

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when old King Edward died Harold as we

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all know had himself crowned instead

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actually to be a bit more precise he had

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himself elected King the crown of

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England in those days was not<font color="

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but awarded in Williams view this had

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all gone very badly wrong so he set

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about putting it right the Norwegian

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rules Harald Hardrada

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took a similar view there was an old

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Norwegian claim to England which he

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<font color="

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invasion of his own their two fleets

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arrived within a few days of each other

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one in the north of England one in the

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south both fleets were probably about

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<font color="

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Harald rushed north and destroyed hard

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Ryder's army only about 34 ships made it

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back to Norway then he rushed south at

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this time<font color="

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off we don't know for sure that the man

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with the arrow in his eye is Harald but

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he certainly died at the battle

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he and his axe wielding spear carrying

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army of Danish and anglo-saxon noblemen

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was simply swept away in their place

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were the new rulers of England Normans

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<font color="

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master master of the country he owned it

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he was not an elected King when he went

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to London to be crowned on Christmas Day

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the population thinking that was their

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duty now tried to elect him there

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claimed him with loud<font color="

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not knowing what was going on thought

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this was some kind of uprising

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they rushed out of Westminster Abbey and

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burned London down England had become a

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new kind of Kingdom one which was owned

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lock stock and barrel<font color="

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story were telling through this series

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the story of a thousand years of English

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history is the story of this alien

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Conqueror and his successors to the

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throne it's the story of how they

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changed England and changed with<font color="

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eventually turning into puppet rulers

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symbols of power they cannot wield and

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how in that transformation they survived

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through tides of revolution and

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republicanism so that today while

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they're not quite the only surviving

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Royals in Europe they alone still they

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claim<font color="

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the story of Williams rain is really the

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story of a warrior Lord taking all power

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into his hands he confiscated all the

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<font color="

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new occupiers were tenants of the king

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bound to him people of the north of

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England with their Viking capital at

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York were much more bound to Scandinavia

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than to Normandy they refused to submit

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he punished them<font color="

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animals and all crops between York and

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Durham according to the Chronicles he

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celebrated Christmas 1070 in the ruins

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of York the inhabitants were reduced to

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starvation even cannibalism 16 years

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later<font color="

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accounted for and valued in his doomsday

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survey there were places in Northumbria

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that were still utterly worthless the

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church too was made Norman and old

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anglo-saxon waves crushed at Glastonbury

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<font color="

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and orders given that the old chants

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should be replaced by new ones from

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France

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twenty-one monks was shot and yet there

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were limits to his power

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a few thousand<font color="

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even understanding the language of their

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new country couldn't run the place they

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needed the English to keep everything

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working and William understood that

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perfectly well his coronation he made an

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oath to uphold the laws of<font color="

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to uphold good law and renounce bad the

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old courts would continue to function

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and old traditions would normally be

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respected this oath would become

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fundamental to the coronation of any

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King the question though would be who

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got to wear the crown<font color="

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bloated and exhausted at the ripe age of

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sixty his attendants stripped his body

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and scattered what mattered now was who

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would hold the land he'd conquered and

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how it had all been his and it was he

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who decided on his deathbed in Normandy

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he handed out the spoils<font color="

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eldest surviving son Robert his Duchy of

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Normandy but it was the younger son the

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red-haired William William Rufus who the

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Conqueror willed should be acclaimed

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King of England<font color="

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was told he would have to be content

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with five thousand pounds but Henry

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pounds was that likely the key to the

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plotting that followed was that of

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course none of the brothers was content

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<font color="

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that made Robert try to take the kingdom

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of England from William and William try

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to take the Duchy of Normandy from

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Robert and Henry was always changing

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sides weakening them both eventually

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Robert tiring of the whole struggle

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<font color="

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fight Saracens than his brothers and

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went off and crusade William was now

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secure and powerful and Henry changed

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his policy he was now William Rufus his

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very best best friend the Bishop of

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Lincoln later said that<font color="

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praised anyone he was sure to be

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plotting that person's destruction it

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does seem as though Henry concentrated

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on quietly stirring up discontent among

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churchmen and Barons in England which

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was<font color="

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their money and had little to offer in

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return except to give to some what he'd

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taken from others and besides William

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Rufus wasn't their kind of chap he

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didn't marry he had no children and as

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one<font color="

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all things that are loathsome to God and

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to earnest men were customary in this

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land in his time and therefore he was

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loathsome to all nigh all his people and

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abominable to God

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which is of course<font color="

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speak for being gay on the 2nd of August

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in the air 1100 both William and Henry

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were hunting separately in the new

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forest it was the last day of William

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Rufus's life no one knows who fired the

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arrow that ended the reign of<font color="

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Rufus his companion Terrell immediately

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fled and disappeared abroad

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Williams body was abandoned where it lay

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but a spot still marked by the stone the

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next day local peasants took hit in a

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<font color="

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before them Winchester was where the

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Royal treasure was kept he demanded the

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treasury keys from the guards they

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refused to hand them over

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saying that Robert his elder brother was

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the rightful heir<font color="

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and declared that no one should stand

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between him and his father's sceptre

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resistance collapsed and when the

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peasants arrived with their cart the

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Lords of England were busy electing

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Henry as their<font color="

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ruler of England since Harold Godwinson

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[Music]

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the Bishop of Winchester refused to give

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the corpse a Christian burial out of

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respect for his royal status William

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Rufus was nevertheless interred under

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the cathedral tower<font color="

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collapsed a few years later everyone

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said told you sir

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Henry's coronation Westminster was an

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attempt to ensure his authority to rule

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he was 32 years old

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his father had won the country by force

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<font color="

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rich rewards but why would anyone want

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to King now alongside his sanctification

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by the church he issued a charter

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promising that he would not overtax the

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church or his tenants in chief and that

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they must treat their tenants<font color="

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treated them he claimed that the crown

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changed his nature he was no longer an

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ordinary human being as the anointed

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king he held special divinely granted

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powers his touch was supposed to cure

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scrofula swollen neck glands from

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tuberculosis<font color="

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became known as touching for the Kings

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evil was practiced by English monarchs

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for the next 700 years as proof of their

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divine authority he also quite smartly

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understood that it was a good<font color="

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promote new people to positions of power

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those who were already great barons

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didn't need a king but men on the make

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would support him

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by the time Robert was able to mount a

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challenge to Henry it stood no chance he

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agreed<font color="

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England in exchange for pension because

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it didn't last henry ended up invading

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Normandy in 1106 and imprisoning his

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brother for the rest of his life

278
00:14:03,820 --> 00:14:06,270
this is his tomb in Gloucester Cathedral

279
00:14:06,270 --> 00:14:09,220
the question of who was entitled to

280
00:14:09,220 --> 00:14:11,590
succeed to the crown was still when you

281
00:14:11,590 --> 00:14:13,780
came down to it a matter of brute force

282
00:14:13,780 --> 00:14:16,990
but Henry's victory had a profound

283
00:14:16,990 --> 00:14:19,630
symbolic meaning because it changed the

284
00:14:19,630 --> 00:14:22,600
<font color="

285
00:14:22,600 --> 00:14:24,790
father England had been a property

286
00:14:24,790 --> 00:14:27,220
seized and owned by the Duke of Normandy

287
00:14:27,220 --> 00:14:30,610
now Normandy was a property seized and

288
00:14:30,610 --> 00:14:34,420
owned by the King of England Henry was a

289
00:14:34,420 --> 00:14:37,030
naturally cheery person just after his

290
00:14:37,030 --> 00:14:39,190
coronation<font color="

291
00:14:39,190 --> 00:14:40,990
of an English woman and of the king of

292
00:14:40,990 --> 00:14:43,450
Scotland and he encouraged Normans he

293
00:14:43,450 --> 00:14:46,750
was promoting to marry english women the

294
00:14:46,750 --> 00:14:49,060
great barons regarded this with contempt

295
00:14:49,060 --> 00:14:50,740
and referred<font color="

296
00:14:50,740 --> 00:14:53,650
Godric and Godiva a style statement

297
00:14:53,650 --> 00:14:56,260
which roughly translates as CID and

298
00:14:56,260 --> 00:15:00,700
Gladys as 30 warriors they also didn't

299
00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:02,500
appreciate the fact that he was literate

300
00:15:02,500 --> 00:15:04,870
in<font color="

301
00:15:04,870 --> 00:15:09,610
the boat clip means Henry the swot but

302
00:15:09,610 --> 00:15:11,500
those great barons were having their

303
00:15:11,500 --> 00:15:13,570
power undercut as Henry recruited his

304
00:15:13,570 --> 00:15:15,340
government officers and judges from the

305
00:15:15,340 --> 00:15:18,250
church he supervised his kingdom by

306
00:15:18,250 --> 00:15:19,840
<font color="

307
00:15:19,840 --> 00:15:21,850
another it was a great traveling

308
00:15:21,850 --> 00:15:24,010
performance like a circus with no

309
00:15:24,010 --> 00:15:26,920
permanent home he spent half his time in

310
00:15:26,920 --> 00:15:28,960
Normandy but when he was away the

311
00:15:28,960 --> 00:15:30,730
kingdom was run by a totally reliable

312
00:15:30,730 --> 00:15:33,310
civil servant<font color="

313
00:15:33,310 --> 00:15:35,610
Salisbury who was called the Justitia

314
00:15:35,610 --> 00:15:38,560
the idea of government by a system

315
00:15:38,560 --> 00:15:40,810
rather than by a man was beginning to

316
00:15:40,810 --> 00:15:41,910
take shape

317
00:15:41,910 --> 00:15:45,040
he sent judges on their own tours of the

318
00:15:45,040 --> 00:15:47,320
country and enforced the laws harshly

319
00:15:47,320 --> 00:15:49,300
<font color="

320
00:15:49,300 --> 00:15:51,820
according to the chronicler z'm but his

321
00:15:51,820 --> 00:15:53,620
punishments were often based on the idea

322
00:15:53,620 --> 00:15:55,720
that people were guilty until proved

323
00:15:55,720 --> 00:15:58,180
innocent<font color="

324
00:15:58,180 --> 00:15:59,410
that

325
00:15:59,410 --> 00:16:01,569
we're England's lanes really full of

326
00:16:01,569 --> 00:16:05,199
blinded and mutilated men muttering firm

327
00:16:05,199 --> 00:16:08,769
but fair you'd think so from the sources

328
00:16:08,769 --> 00:16:12,489
we have they liked a strong King and he

329
00:16:12,489 --> 00:16:13,839
managed to keep the Treasury well

330
00:16:13,839 --> 00:16:15,609
<font color="

331
00:16:15,609 --> 00:16:17,399
file oil tea when he needed to

332
00:16:17,399 --> 00:16:19,749
the key to this was his system for

333
00:16:19,749 --> 00:16:21,999
checking his income twice a year

334
00:16:21,999 --> 00:16:23,739
sheriffs and royal officials from all

335
00:16:23,739 --> 00:16:25,839
over England had to bring their money to

336
00:16:25,839 --> 00:16:28,239
be counted by being shunted around in

337
00:16:28,239 --> 00:16:29,859
piles on the checkered cloth like a

338
00:16:29,859 --> 00:16:33,279
<font color="

339
00:16:33,279 --> 00:16:36,249
Exchequer the system worked so well that

340
00:16:36,249 --> 00:16:37,869
the cabinet minister in charge of the

341
00:16:37,869 --> 00:16:40,119
nation's finances is still called the

342
00:16:40,119 --> 00:16:42,669
Chancellor of the Exchequer and we still

343
00:16:42,669 --> 00:16:45,999
use paper chitti's called checks by a

344
00:16:45,999 --> 00:16:48,429
combination of force and diplomacy he

345
00:16:48,429 --> 00:16:50,470
controlled and to some extent colonized

346
00:16:50,470 --> 00:16:53,649
Wales relations with Scotland were fine

347
00:16:53,649 --> 00:16:55,569
three of his wife's brothers became

348
00:16:55,569 --> 00:16:58,119
kings their England was becoming a

349
00:16:58,119 --> 00:17:01,850
peaceful stable and successful Kingdom

350
00:17:01,850 --> 00:17:04,559
Henry sent his young daughter Matilda to

351
00:17:04,559 --> 00:17:06,809
Germany to marry the Holy Roman Emperor

352
00:17:06,809 --> 00:17:09,780
and in 1116 he held a great assembly at

353
00:17:09,780 --> 00:17:12,419
Salisbury where all the Barons nobles

354
00:17:12,419 --> 00:17:15,000
and bishops swore homage to his son

355
00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:18,659
William as his successor to the crown in

356
00:17:18,659 --> 00:17:21,929
1120 young William was a star an

357
00:17:21,929 --> 00:17:24,929
enthusiastic warrior a keen Huntsman and

358
00:17:24,929 --> 00:17:26,250
the heir<font color="

359
00:17:26,250 --> 00:17:28,109
he'd been in Normandy with his father

360
00:17:28,109 --> 00:17:30,059
fighting the King of France and the

361
00:17:30,059 --> 00:17:32,390
whole party was returning to England

362
00:17:32,390 --> 00:17:34,559
William and his pals were travelling in

363
00:17:34,559 --> 00:17:37,289
a brand new ship the white ship they

364
00:17:37,289 --> 00:17:39,510
were the 12th century English<font color="

365
00:17:39,510 --> 00:17:41,789
the millionaire Knightly lads who were

366
00:17:41,789 --> 00:17:45,320
heirs to most of England and Normandy

367
00:17:45,320 --> 00:17:47,700
once they got on the ship there was a

368
00:17:47,700 --> 00:17:51,140
terrific party alcohol was taken and how

369
00:17:51,140 --> 00:17:54,000
soon it became really rowdy the hooray

370
00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:55,470
Henry is yelling at one another and

371
00:17:55,470 --> 00:17:57,360
throwing off a bunch of priests who'd

372
00:17:57,360 --> 00:18:00,030
come to bless the voyage William's

373
00:18:00,030 --> 00:18:02,700
cousin Stephen of Guam had an upset

374
00:18:02,700 --> 00:18:04,440
stomach and he felt he needed a bit of

375
00:18:04,440 --> 00:18:06,480
peace and quiet so he decided to go

376
00:18:06,480 --> 00:18:09,390
ashore and take a later ship by the time

377
00:18:09,390 --> 00:18:11,159
they<font color="

378
00:18:11,159 --> 00:18:13,289
the other ships were way ahead the wind

379
00:18:13,289 --> 00:18:15,600
was light William decided to catch up

380
00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:17,429
with the king and ordered the chaps to

381
00:18:17,429 --> 00:18:20,640
start rowing<font color="

382
00:18:20,640 --> 00:18:23,039
anyone else so they began to speed into

383
00:18:23,039 --> 00:18:25,289
the duck fifty oars pushing this

384
00:18:25,289 --> 00:18:27,120
state-of-the-art longboat at a terrific

385
00:18:27,120 --> 00:18:30,539
lick that was when they sailed straight

386
00:18:30,539 --> 00:18:34,370
into a rock and smashed the shipment

387
00:18:38,240 --> 00:18:41,520
<font color="

388
00:18:41,520 --> 00:18:44,760
hazard to navigation the cries of the

389
00:18:44,760 --> 00:18:47,100
drowning company were heard on shore and

390
00:18:47,100 --> 00:18:49,380
on the Kings ship but everyone thought

391
00:18:49,380 --> 00:18:52,350
the party was still in full swing in

392
00:18:52,350 --> 00:18:55,230
fact the<font color="

393
00:18:55,230 --> 00:18:57,600
destroyed in the equivalent of a drunken

394
00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:06,780
car crash it said that Henry never

395
00:19:06,780 --> 00:19:11,370
smiled again you can see why six years

396
00:19:11,370 --> 00:19:13,290
after the fatal crash not knowing what

397
00:19:13,290 --> 00:19:14,160
else to do

398
00:19:14,160 --> 00:19:16,380
Henry obliged the barons nobles and

399
00:19:16,380 --> 00:19:18,690
bishops of England to swear fealty<font color="

400
00:19:18,690 --> 00:19:20,940
his daughter Matilda as his successor

401
00:19:20,940 --> 00:19:23,250
just as he'd had them swear to his son

402
00:19:23,250 --> 00:19:25,200
but there was of course a huge

403
00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:28,200
difference no woman had ever ruled in

404
00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:29,820
her own right in either England or

405
00:19:29,820 --> 00:19:33,000
Normandy her husband the Emperor was

406
00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:35,490
dead<font color="

407
00:19:35,490 --> 00:19:37,260
Matilda marry the son of the count of

408
00:19:37,260 --> 00:19:40,290
Anjou this was not a family with a power

409
00:19:40,290 --> 00:19:42,860
base in England

410
00:19:43,250 --> 00:19:46,130
Henri's sleep was filled with nightmares

411
00:19:46,130 --> 00:19:48,350
of peasants and barons complaining that

412
00:19:48,350 --> 00:19:52,400
he'd failed them all and then Henry went

413
00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:56,150
and died of a surfeit of Lamprey's<font color="

414
00:19:56,150 --> 00:19:58,830
does that happen

415
00:19:58,830 --> 00:20:01,350
a lamprey is a parasitic fish that looks

416
00:20:01,350 --> 00:20:03,350
as if it belongs in a bush tucker trial

417
00:20:03,350 --> 00:20:06,210
Henry loved him his doctor had put him

418
00:20:06,210 --> 00:20:07,740
on a diet that involved not eating

419
00:20:07,740 --> 00:20:09,779
lampreys and he got a fever and died

420
00:20:09,779 --> 00:20:12,269
after<font color="

421
00:20:12,269 --> 00:20:17,039
said as doctors do I warned him by the

422
00:20:17,039 --> 00:20:20,220
time Henry died in 1135 in Basel falling

423
00:20:20,220 --> 00:20:23,309
apart he was 67 years old and he'd gone

424
00:20:23,309 --> 00:20:25,289
a long way towards defining the job of

425
00:20:25,289 --> 00:20:27,360
<font color="

426
00:20:27,360 --> 00:20:30,059
problem who was entitled to that job had

427
00:20:30,059 --> 00:20:43,860
still not been solved Matilda was in

428
00:20:43,860 --> 00:20:47,490
Anjou her husband and then up upon

429
00:20:47,490 --> 00:20:50,340
<font color="

430
00:20:50,340 --> 00:20:53,490
England and claimed the crown Stephen

431
00:20:53,490 --> 00:20:55,649
who'd been saved from drowning on the

432
00:20:55,649 --> 00:20:57,450
white ship by an urgent need for a

433
00:20:57,450 --> 00:20:59,789
lavatory he was the son of Henry's

434
00:20:59,789 --> 00:21:02,309
sister a legitimate grandson of William

435
00:21:02,309 --> 00:21:05,490
<font color="

436
00:21:05,490 --> 00:21:08,309
Baron to swear fealty to Matilda as the

437
00:21:08,309 --> 00:21:11,389
heir apparent but that was then and this

438
00:21:11,389 --> 00:21:15,570
was now he was 38 years old backed by

439
00:21:15,570 --> 00:21:17,880
his very tough mother and one of his

440
00:21:17,880 --> 00:21:19,230
brothers was the Bishop of Winchester

441
00:21:19,230 --> 00:21:22,370
<font color="

442
00:21:22,370 --> 00:21:25,620
wife of the count of Anjou was not a

443
00:21:25,620 --> 00:21:28,110
popular choice with the Barons Stephen

444
00:21:28,110 --> 00:21:31,409
was a normal this side's he seemed a

445
00:21:31,409 --> 00:21:34,169
malleable sort of chap brave enough and

446
00:21:34,169 --> 00:21:36,450
high-spirited<font color="

447
00:21:36,450 --> 00:21:38,549
courteous and affable and would probably

448
00:21:38,549 --> 00:21:41,929
do as he was told which was of course a

449
00:21:41,929 --> 00:21:44,970
recipe for disaster than was crowned by

450
00:21:44,970 --> 00:21:46,529
the Archbishop of Canterbury at

451
00:21:46,529 --> 00:21:50,490
Westminster<font color="

452
00:21:50,490 --> 00:21:52,350
issued what was now the traditional

453
00:21:52,350 --> 00:21:55,169
coronation oath promising to respect the

454
00:21:55,169 --> 00:21:58,100
old laws and be nice to everyone

455
00:21:58,100 --> 00:22:01,039
according to the anglo-saxon Chronicle

456
00:22:01,039 --> 00:22:03,210
when they saw that the king was a

457
00:22:03,210 --> 00:22:05,370
<font color="

458
00:22:05,370 --> 00:22:07,740
inflicted no punishment they committed

459
00:22:07,740 --> 00:22:09,940
all kinds of terrible crimes

460
00:22:09,940 --> 00:22:12,700
all the done homage and sworn oaths of

461
00:22:12,700 --> 00:22:16,740
fealty but none were kept

462
00:22:18,830 --> 00:22:21,740
meanwhile matilda was enraged and of

463
00:22:21,740 --> 00:22:23,809
course<font color="

464
00:22:23,809 --> 00:22:27,320
was moving rapidly to civil war stephen

465
00:22:27,320 --> 00:22:29,480
was insecure he surrounded himself with

466
00:22:29,480 --> 00:22:31,850
people from near Brooke Fleming's who

467
00:22:31,850 --> 00:22:34,250
didn't go down well with the Barons he

468
00:22:34,250 --> 00:22:35,870
bought loyalty until it emptied the

469
00:22:35,870 --> 00:22:38,210
<font color="

470
00:22:38,210 --> 00:22:39,590
property so that he could pay his

471
00:22:39,590 --> 00:22:43,549
supporters by the time Matilda landed to

472
00:22:43,549 --> 00:22:46,549
claim her throne in 1141 Stephen was

473
00:22:46,549 --> 00:22:47,960
trying to put down rebellion after

474
00:22:47,960 --> 00:22:50,990
rebellion he was a brave even ferocious

475
00:22:50,990 --> 00:22:54,019
fighter but his support melted away and

476
00:22:54,019 --> 00:22:56,470
he<font color="

477
00:22:56,470 --> 00:22:59,720
Stephen was Matilda's prisoner a church

478
00:22:59,720 --> 00:23:01,850
council declared that he was deposed by

479
00:23:01,850 --> 00:23:04,000
the manifest judgment of God and

480
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:07,380
recognized Matilda as Queen

481
00:23:07,380 --> 00:23:09,850
<font color="

482
00:23:09,850 --> 00:23:12,490
was all set to be crowned and then

483
00:23:12,490 --> 00:23:15,240
something went peculiarly wrong

484
00:23:15,240 --> 00:23:16,809
something that carries an

485
00:23:16,809 --> 00:23:19,000
extraordinarily clear message about the

486
00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:22,630
job of being the monarch of England all

487
00:23:22,630 --> 00:23:24,370
the Childers understanding of monarchy

488
00:23:24,370 --> 00:23:26,410
<font color="

489
00:23:26,410 --> 00:23:28,110
been Empress since she was 12 years old

490
00:23:28,110 --> 00:23:30,280
she had been popular and successful

491
00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:32,679
there after the Emperor's death when

492
00:23:32,679 --> 00:23:34,210
Henry the first had brought her back to

493
00:23:34,210 --> 00:23:36,280
England some German princes of the

494
00:23:36,280 --> 00:23:38,410
Empire followed her to demand her back

495
00:23:38,410 --> 00:23:40,809
as their sovereign but the sovereignty

496
00:23:40,809 --> 00:23:43,690
she had learned was absolute power

497
00:23:43,690 --> 00:23:46,360
the Emperor's will was law the only

498
00:23:46,360 --> 00:23:49,840
possible higher law was the church that

499
00:23:49,840 --> 00:23:52,780
was not how it worked in England even

500
00:23:52,780 --> 00:23:54,700
the Conqueror had promised at his

501
00:23:54,700 --> 00:23:56,920
coronation to respect the laws of

502
00:23:56,920 --> 00:24:00,010
England but Matilda flatly refused she

503
00:24:00,010 --> 00:24:02,770
<font color="

504
00:24:02,770 --> 00:24:06,660
her view she already was she behaved

505
00:24:06,660 --> 00:24:09,070
imperiously which might mean

506
00:24:09,070 --> 00:24:11,790
magnificently in German but meant

507
00:24:11,790 --> 00:24:14,740
intolerably in English and when the

508
00:24:14,740 --> 00:24:16,870
citizens of London petitioned her for a

509
00:24:16,870 --> 00:24:19,540
renewal<font color="

510
00:24:19,540 --> 00:24:21,940
only refused to listen but demanded a

511
00:24:21,940 --> 00:24:25,270
heavy tax from them so they threw her

512
00:24:25,270 --> 00:24:28,330
out Stephen was released from prison and

513
00:24:28,330 --> 00:24:31,059
resumed his battered kingship in fact he

514
00:24:31,059 --> 00:24:34,480
had a second coronation Matilda roamed

515
00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:36,280
around the Midlands in the<font color="

516
00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:37,929
fighting for a throne that she was

517
00:24:37,929 --> 00:24:41,290
entitled to but could never have

518
00:24:41,290 --> 00:24:44,620
in 1140 3 just before Christmas Stephen

519
00:24:44,620 --> 00:24:46,780
finally had her trapped and starving in

520
00:24:46,780 --> 00:24:50,410
<font color="

521
00:24:50,410 --> 00:24:55,960
and three Knights got away it had snowed

522
00:24:55,960 --> 00:24:58,480
and that night dressed entirely in white

523
00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:00,370
they dropped over the walls to the

524
00:25:00,370 --> 00:25:03,670
frozen water below they moved silent and

525
00:25:03,670 --> 00:25:05,650
invisible in the fresh snow right

526
00:25:05,650 --> 00:25:07,570
through<font color="

527
00:25:07,570 --> 00:25:10,660
[Music]

528
00:25:10,660 --> 00:25:12,730
it was another five years before

529
00:25:12,730 --> 00:25:14,500
Mathilda gave up and returned to

530
00:25:14,500 --> 00:25:17,530
Normandy but she simply handed the torch

531
00:25:17,530 --> 00:25:20,170
to her son Henry who came to England

532
00:25:20,170 --> 00:25:23,850
when he was 16 to carry on the struggle

533
00:25:23,850 --> 00:25:27,310
so the fighting<font color="

534
00:25:27,310 --> 00:25:29,920
and the country was in effect without

535
00:25:29,920 --> 00:25:32,590
law and without government but the

536
00:25:32,590 --> 00:25:35,530
anglo-saxon Chronicle said castles were

537
00:25:35,530 --> 00:25:38,800
filled with devils and evil men Christ

538
00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:44,140
and all his sense<font color="

539
00:25:44,140 --> 00:25:46,210
naturally intended his own son Eustace

540
00:25:46,210 --> 00:25:49,660
to succeed him but in 1153 both Eustace

541
00:25:49,660 --> 00:25:53,400
and Stephens wife fell ill and died

542
00:25:53,400 --> 00:25:57,190
Stephen but had enough at the end of the

543
00:25:57,190 --> 00:25:59,860
year Stephen and Henry wrote together

544
00:25:59,860 --> 00:26:02,860
and to London there the King proclaimed

545
00:26:02,860 --> 00:26:05,890
<font color="

546
00:26:05,890 --> 00:26:09,550
was now his own adopted son and would be

547
00:26:09,550 --> 00:26:12,000
his successor as king of England

548
00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:14,530
although Stephen would remain King for

549
00:26:14,530 --> 00:26:16,390
life Henry would take over the

550
00:26:16,390 --> 00:26:19,110
government immediately

551
00:26:23,850 --> 00:26:27,000
the next year utterly<font color="

552
00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:30,780
Stephen retired to his grave on the 19th

553
00:26:30,780 --> 00:26:33,780
of December 11:54 there was a double

554
00:26:33,780 --> 00:26:36,870
coronation in Westminster Abbey the 21

555
00:26:36,870 --> 00:26:39,450
<font color="

556
00:26:39,450 --> 00:26:43,740
his 33 year old wife Eleanor was crowned

557
00:26:43,740 --> 00:26:46,500
queen consort Eleanor Duchess of

558
00:26:46,500 --> 00:26:48,780
Aquitaine knew all about being a queen

559
00:26:48,780 --> 00:26:50,850
when she was 15

560
00:26:50,850 --> 00:26:52,710
orphaned and the richest damsel in

561
00:26:52,710 --> 00:26:54,810
France<font color="

562
00:26:54,810 --> 00:26:56,940
the French throne and a few days later

563
00:26:56,940 --> 00:26:59,570
the pair became king and queen of France

564
00:26:59,570 --> 00:27:02,340
the King of France was a saintly figure

565
00:27:02,340 --> 00:27:04,640
with perhaps a rather low sex drive

566
00:27:04,640 --> 00:27:07,410
Eleanor came from a family of lordly

567
00:27:07,410 --> 00:27:10,080
troubadours<font color="

568
00:27:10,080 --> 00:27:12,810
interesting love affairs she later said

569
00:27:12,810 --> 00:27:14,880
that she thought she'd married a man but

570
00:27:14,880 --> 00:27:17,490
had married a monk she had a series of

571
00:27:17,490 --> 00:27:19,650
affairs including one with Matilda's

572
00:27:19,650 --> 00:27:22,230
husband Geoffrey of Anjou he rather

573
00:27:22,230 --> 00:27:24,960
<font color="

574
00:27:24,960 --> 00:27:27,420
in Easter in his hat so people called

575
00:27:27,420 --> 00:27:29,010
him Plantagenet

576
00:27:29,010 --> 00:27:31,680
eventually all the ovens the whole

577
00:27:31,680 --> 00:27:35,190
family line wore it on their crest she

578
00:27:35,190 --> 00:27:36,930
then had an affair with Geoffrey's son

579
00:27:36,930 --> 00:27:39,390
the attractive young<font color="

580
00:27:39,390 --> 00:27:41,300
well-educated athlete with vitality

581
00:27:41,300 --> 00:27:44,390
intelligence freckles and money

582
00:27:44,390 --> 00:27:46,560
according to a contemporary chronicler

583
00:27:46,560 --> 00:27:48,240
and his father had warned his son offer

584
00:27:48,240 --> 00:27:50,580
saying that she had been his lover and

585
00:27:50,580 --> 00:27:52,680
she was the wife of Henry's overlord

586
00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:56,040
<font color="

587
00:27:56,040 --> 00:28:00,390
died in 1151 and in 1152 Andrew got

588
00:28:00,390 --> 00:28:01,350
Elinor pregnant

589
00:28:01,350 --> 00:28:03,810
lui who probably didn't know that detail

590
00:28:03,810 --> 00:28:06,030
had their marriage annulled and she

591
00:28:06,030 --> 00:28:09,360
married her toy boy of course she did

592
00:28:09,360 --> 00:28:11,160
all she could to<font color="

593
00:28:11,160 --> 00:28:13,620
to become King of England and make her a

594
00:28:13,620 --> 00:28:16,800
queen again the coronation of 1154 must

595
00:28:16,800 --> 00:28:19,890
have been most satisfying for her he

596
00:28:19,890 --> 00:28:21,420
didn't make his mother's mistake of

597
00:28:21,420 --> 00:28:23,610
claiming to be above the<font color="

598
00:28:23,610 --> 00:28:25,620
maintaining proper form he issued a

599
00:28:25,620 --> 00:28:27,390
charter confirming all the liberties

600
00:28:27,390 --> 00:28:29,130
that were enforced under his grandfather

601
00:28:29,130 --> 00:28:32,790
Henry the first the combination of his

602
00:28:32,790 --> 00:28:35,310
lands and Elinor's meant that this King

603
00:28:35,310 --> 00:28:37,860
of<font color="

604
00:28:37,860 --> 00:28:40,140
though as the vassal of the French King

605
00:28:40,140 --> 00:28:42,480
it would have been too much for almost

606
00:28:42,480 --> 00:28:45,240
anyone but Henry was a man of

607
00:28:45,240 --> 00:28:47,610
extraordinary Restless energy who

608
00:28:47,610 --> 00:28:49,590
<font color="

609
00:28:49,590 --> 00:28:51,660
and would order his court to hit the

610
00:28:51,660 --> 00:28:57,330
road with no notice whatever he got

611
00:28:57,330 --> 00:28:59,520
England up and running with astonishing

612
00:28:59,520 --> 00:29:02,190
speed he had all newly built castles

613
00:29:02,190 --> 00:29:04,650
destroyed so that individual Lords could

614
00:29:04,650 --> 00:29:07,290
not stand against him and got the law

615
00:29:07,290 --> 00:29:09,660
functioning again he<font color="

616
00:29:09,660 --> 00:29:11,280
government into ministries with the

617
00:29:11,280 --> 00:29:13,230
Chancellor of the Exchequer playing the

618
00:29:13,230 --> 00:29:15,000
role we would now recognize as Prime

619
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:17,670
Minister the chap in question was the

620
00:29:17,670 --> 00:29:20,070
son<font color="

621
00:29:20,070 --> 00:29:22,380
closest friend and colleague they joked

622
00:29:22,380 --> 00:29:24,780
and drank together and he lived as the

623
00:29:24,780 --> 00:29:27,750
greatest Lord in the country Thomas

624
00:29:27,750 --> 00:29:30,870
Becket between them they reformed the

625
00:29:30,870 --> 00:29:33,750
currency financed government and began

626
00:29:33,750 --> 00:29:35,970
the changes in the judicial system<font color="

627
00:29:35,970 --> 00:29:37,770
would lead to the system of trial by

628
00:29:37,770 --> 00:29:40,950
jury England was beginning to develop a

629
00:29:40,950 --> 00:29:43,290
commercial life towns were growing the

630
00:29:43,290 --> 00:29:45,480
population was becoming better educated

631
00:29:45,480 --> 00:29:48,210
the new system for running Royal Courts

632
00:29:48,210 --> 00:29:50,429
asked groups of<font color="

633
00:29:50,429 --> 00:29:52,980
peasants to report and decide the facts

634
00:29:52,980 --> 00:29:55,500
of the case the system that had worked

635
00:29:55,500 --> 00:29:57,630
for the Conqueror allowing the people to

636
00:29:57,630 --> 00:30:00,000
run their own country was at the heart

637
00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:01,620
of Enron's way of getting everything up

638
00:30:01,620 --> 00:30:04,080
<font color="

639
00:30:04,080 --> 00:30:05,970
he needed a Londoner at the heart of his

640
00:30:05,970 --> 00:30:09,330
government the next stage in his reforms

641
00:30:09,330 --> 00:30:10,850
was to reduce the power of the church

642
00:30:10,850 --> 00:30:13,410
which had<font color="

643
00:30:13,410 --> 00:30:15,510
judicial institution during the chaos of

644
00:30:15,510 --> 00:30:18,929
Stephens Wars anyone accused of a crime

645
00:30:18,929 --> 00:30:20,880
who could read a line of Latin was

646
00:30:20,880 --> 00:30:23,220
deemed to be a church man that made them

647
00:30:23,220 --> 00:30:25,200
immune from the royal court they could

648
00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:26,820
<font color="

649
00:30:26,820 --> 00:30:29,610
church of course the church wouldn't

650
00:30:29,610 --> 00:30:31,950
agree to give up its privileges so when

651
00:30:31,950 --> 00:30:33,840
the Archbishop of Canterbury died in

652
00:30:33,840 --> 00:30:37,440
1162 it seemed a smart idea to install

653
00:30:37,440 --> 00:30:40,320
Thomas as the new Archbishop then he

654
00:30:40,320 --> 00:30:41,880
would deliver the church to Henry

655
00:30:41,880 --> 00:30:44,580
actually it seemed a pretty terrible

656
00:30:44,580 --> 00:30:45,660
idea to Matilda

657
00:30:45,660 --> 00:30:46,320
who

658
00:30:46,320 --> 00:30:48,809
and Henry not to do it what did his

659
00:30:48,809 --> 00:30:51,269
mother know look what a mess she'd made

660
00:30:51,269 --> 00:30:54,480
of things Elinor was also against it and

661
00:30:54,480 --> 00:30:57,000
she hadn't made a mess of anything she'd

662
00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:58,950
been a very competent Regent when Henry

663
00:30:58,950 --> 00:31:00,809
had been<font color="

664
00:31:00,809 --> 00:31:03,360
Henry had not seen that Thomas Beckett's

665
00:31:03,360 --> 00:31:05,850
driving force was not loyalty to Henry

666
00:31:05,850 --> 00:31:09,450
Oh surely not she was just jealous that

667
00:31:09,450 --> 00:31:11,220
Henry spent more time with Thomas than

668
00:31:11,220 --> 00:31:11,730
with her

669
00:31:11,730 --> 00:31:14,549
Henry was sure it was<font color="

670
00:31:14,549 --> 00:31:20,909
of course it was a really bad idea why

671
00:31:20,909 --> 00:31:22,679
did Becky to become fanatically

672
00:31:22,679 --> 00:31:24,389
committed to the church as soon as he

673
00:31:24,389 --> 00:31:27,389
got the job why did he wear Hessian

674
00:31:27,389 --> 00:31:29,870
underwear with lice and<font color="

675
00:31:29,870 --> 00:31:32,850
why did he oppose the Kings plans more

676
00:31:32,850 --> 00:31:37,409
fiercely than any other Bishop he ended

677
00:31:37,409 --> 00:31:39,480
up excommunicating the bishops of London

678
00:31:39,480 --> 00:31:42,120
and Salisbury and sacking the Archbishop

679
00:31:42,120 --> 00:31:45,960
of York for not opposing the king he'd

680
00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:47,879
already<font color="

681
00:31:47,879 --> 00:31:50,970
and wealth possible now he had a bigger

682
00:31:50,970 --> 00:31:53,789
ambition he was arguing that the church

683
00:31:53,789 --> 00:31:56,750
must rule everyone including the king

684
00:31:56,750 --> 00:31:59,970
this was especially dangerous as Becket

685
00:31:59,970 --> 00:32:03,179
was hugely popular Henry was given two

686
00:32:03,179 --> 00:32:06,299
rages<font color="

687
00:32:06,299 --> 00:32:10,500
enrage him who will rid me of this

688
00:32:10,500 --> 00:32:15,980
turbulent priest on the 29th of December

689
00:32:15,980 --> 00:32:19,080
1174 of Henry's loyal Knights did just

690
00:32:19,080 --> 00:32:20,390
that

691
00:32:20,390 --> 00:32:22,430
slicing off the top of his head at the

692
00:32:22,430 --> 00:32:25,070
altar of his Cathedral in the words of

693
00:32:25,070 --> 00:32:28,640
<font color="

694
00:32:28,640 --> 00:32:30,890
with the white of the brains like white

695
00:32:30,890 --> 00:32:33,910
of the lily and the rid of the roots

696
00:32:33,910 --> 00:32:36,730
this was shocking

697
00:32:36,730 --> 00:32:38,840
Henry had to distance himself from

698
00:32:38,840 --> 00:32:40,880
Beckett's murder<font color="

699
00:32:40,880 --> 00:32:42,470
minds of his subjects

700
00:32:42,470 --> 00:32:48,709
[Music]

701
00:32:49,850 --> 00:32:52,220
Beckett was immediately the most popular

702
00:32:52,220 --> 00:32:54,740
martyr in the country a hundred thousand

703
00:32:54,740 --> 00:32:56,539
pilgrims flock to the site of his death

704
00:32:56,539 --> 00:32:58,789
he would obviously be made a saint as

705
00:32:58,789 --> 00:33:01,490
soon as possible<font color="

706
00:33:01,490 --> 00:33:03,470
was that the Pope would excommunicate

707
00:33:03,470 --> 00:33:05,990
Henry and pronounced an anathema against

708
00:33:05,990 --> 00:33:08,080
him as the murderer of England's primate

709
00:33:08,080 --> 00:33:10,880
the population would turn against him in

710
00:33:10,880 --> 00:33:12,650
England and the King of France would

711
00:33:12,650 --> 00:33:15,250
<font color="

712
00:33:15,250 --> 00:33:18,530
Henry immediately fasted went into

713
00:33:18,530 --> 00:33:20,510
extravagant mourning and then did

714
00:33:20,510 --> 00:33:23,150
penance prostrating himself before the

715
00:33:23,150 --> 00:33:25,909
Canterbury altar he was publicly lashed

716
00:33:25,909 --> 00:33:30,770
by a monk it worked he saved his kingdom

717
00:33:30,770 --> 00:33:34,070
from<font color="

718
00:33:34,070 --> 00:33:37,159
much more difficult Eleanor and Henry

719
00:33:37,159 --> 00:33:39,140
had drifted apart partly because of his

720
00:33:39,140 --> 00:33:40,850
love affairs and partly because she

721
00:33:40,850 --> 00:33:42,620
feared that Henry's adventure with

722
00:33:42,620 --> 00:33:44,900
Becket threatened her own beloved

723
00:33:44,900 --> 00:33:48,440
<font color="

724
00:33:48,440 --> 00:33:50,240
set up her own courts the court of love

725
00:33:50,240 --> 00:33:52,820
and that was where she raised her sons

726
00:33:52,820 --> 00:33:56,330
as romantic warriors and plotted against

727
00:33:56,330 --> 00:33:59,480
him Henry imprisoned her there for 16

728
00:33:59,480 --> 00:34:03,340
years but her plots continued unabated

729
00:34:03,850 --> 00:34:06,320
she supported her older sons in

730
00:34:06,320 --> 00:34:08,750
rebellion against Henry trying not only

731
00:34:08,750 --> 00:34:11,030
to ensure her control over her own land

732
00:34:11,030 --> 00:34:14,989
but to take over from him the only one

733
00:34:14,989 --> 00:34:17,418
who remained loyal was John the youngest

734
00:34:17,418 --> 00:34:21,399
in 1189 the oldest surviving son Richard

735
00:34:21,399 --> 00:34:24,100
inflicted a major defeat on his father

736
00:34:24,100 --> 00:34:26,750
<font color="

737
00:34:26,750 --> 00:34:28,639
arrange peace terms but when they

738
00:34:28,639 --> 00:34:31,460
publicly embraced Henry quietly growled

739
00:34:31,460 --> 00:34:33,020
may the Lord

740
00:34:33,020 --> 00:34:36,440
spare me until I've taken vengeance on

741
00:34:36,440 --> 00:34:39,320
you the second had been defeated in

742
00:34:39,320 --> 00:34:41,710
battle by his own eldest surviving son

743
00:34:41,710 --> 00:34:44,810
<font color="

744
00:34:44,810 --> 00:34:48,619
remained loyal the youngest John back in

745
00:34:48,619 --> 00:34:50,899
his own Chateau Henry asked for all

746
00:34:50,899 --> 00:34:53,418
Richard's supporters to be read out the

747
00:34:53,418 --> 00:34:54,830
first name on the list

748
00:34:54,830 --> 00:34:58,700
was John's Henry was heartbroken

749
00:34:58,700 --> 00:35:03,450
he died in delirium a few days later

750
00:35:03,450 --> 00:35:06,520
[Music]

751
00:35:12,890 --> 00:35:15,300
Elinor's imprisonment was over

752
00:35:15,300 --> 00:35:17,790
Henry had recognized Richard as his heir

753
00:35:17,790 --> 00:35:20,430
and Richard intended Elinor to rule

754
00:35:20,430 --> 00:35:23,100
England he had more important things to

755
00:35:23,100 --> 00:35:23,720
do

756
00:35:23,720 --> 00:35:25,690
crusade

757
00:35:25,690 --> 00:35:31,779
[Music]

758
00:35:31,779 --> 00:35:34,219
Eleanor had been on crusade when she was

759
00:35:34,219 --> 00:35:35,960
young as the wife of<font color="

760
00:35:35,960 --> 00:35:38,839
but also as the leader of her own feudal

761
00:35:38,839 --> 00:35:42,140
Army and now the Saracens had recon for

762
00:35:42,140 --> 00:35:45,739
Jerusalem Richard the romantic Richard

763
00:35:45,739 --> 00:35:48,170
the Lionheart was a totally fearless

764
00:35:48,170 --> 00:35:50,509
warrior whose whole upbringing had been

765
00:35:50,509 --> 00:35:54,289
based on Eleanor's idea of<font color="

766
00:35:54,289 --> 00:35:56,180
and swordsman Christian Knight and

767
00:35:56,180 --> 00:35:59,119
tournament hero a handsome and dashing

768
00:35:59,119 --> 00:36:01,910
leader of armies Richard tried to live

769
00:36:01,910 --> 00:36:03,890
out the fantasy life of one of the

770
00:36:03,890 --> 00:36:06,349
heroes of our theory and literature from

771
00:36:06,349 --> 00:36:08,509
<font color="

772
00:36:08,509 --> 00:36:13,219
of love he came to London for his

773
00:36:13,219 --> 00:36:15,710
coronation but only so that he could

774
00:36:15,710 --> 00:36:17,509
collect the funds to pay for his great

775
00:36:17,509 --> 00:36:19,460
crusade to recover Jerusalem from

776
00:36:19,460 --> 00:36:22,400
Saladin<font color="

777
00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:24,259
declaring that he would sell London if

778
00:36:24,259 --> 00:36:25,720
he could find a buyer

779
00:36:25,720 --> 00:36:28,780
[Music]

780
00:36:28,780 --> 00:36:32,240
the crusade itself the Third Crusade was

781
00:36:32,240 --> 00:36:35,000
a sequence of great heroic and daring

782
00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:37,280
actions that completely failed to

783
00:36:37,280 --> 00:36:40,400
conquer Jerusalem<font color="

784
00:36:40,400 --> 00:36:43,850
of extreme brutality Saladin quite

785
00:36:43,850 --> 00:36:45,500
rightly pointed out that while Richard

786
00:36:45,500 --> 00:36:47,480
might be able to get an army into the

787
00:36:47,480 --> 00:36:50,030
city if he wanted to hold on to it he

788
00:36:50,030 --> 00:36:51,560
would have to spend the rest of his life

789
00:36:51,560 --> 00:36:55,040
there<font color="

790
00:36:55,040 --> 00:36:58,190
fascinated and respected each other when

791
00:36:58,190 --> 00:37:01,300
Richard was ill Saladin sent his doctor

792
00:37:01,300 --> 00:37:04,130
the final truce ensured that Christian

793
00:37:04,130 --> 00:37:06,230
pilgrims would be free to visit the holy

794
00:37:06,230 --> 00:37:08,630
city but that had actually been

795
00:37:08,630 --> 00:37:11,570
<font color="

796
00:37:11,570 --> 00:37:15,140
began Richard typically decided to make

797
00:37:15,140 --> 00:37:17,900
the journey home in 1192 into an

798
00:37:17,900 --> 00:37:20,480
adventure traveling alone and in

799
00:37:20,480 --> 00:37:23,480
disguise that was how he got captured

800
00:37:23,480 --> 00:37:25,880
and ended up imprisoned by Duke Leopold

801
00:37:25,880 --> 00:37:28,520
of Austria<font color="

802
00:37:28,520 --> 00:37:32,240
insulted during the Crusade the king of

803
00:37:32,240 --> 00:37:34,190
England had been found in an inn in

804
00:37:34,190 --> 00:37:36,800
Vienna unconvincingly disguised as a

805
00:37:36,800 --> 00:37:39,380
kitchen knave the Ransom Leopold

806
00:37:39,380 --> 00:37:41,090
<font color="

807
00:37:41,090 --> 00:37:45,860
about eight years income to the exchange

808
00:37:45,860 --> 00:37:47,540
rate lessness was crippling for the

809
00:37:47,540 --> 00:37:51,050
kingdom and eventually fatal for him as

810
00:37:51,050 --> 00:37:53,390
a storybook hero he always seems to

811
00:37:53,390 --> 00:37:55,460
<font color="

812
00:37:55,460 --> 00:37:57,320
sometimes even forget to put on armor

813
00:37:57,320 --> 00:37:59,390
and that was how he got killed in the

814
00:37:59,390 --> 00:38:01,670
end taking a stupid chance at an

815
00:38:01,670 --> 00:38:05,150
unimportant siege in 1199 a crossbow

816
00:38:05,150 --> 00:38:08,480
bolt<font color="

817
00:38:08,480 --> 00:38:10,700
dying the man who'd loosed the shot was

818
00:38:10,700 --> 00:38:12,260
captured and delivered to him and

819
00:38:12,260 --> 00:38:14,510
Richard carried on behaving as they was

820
00:38:14,510 --> 00:38:17,300
in a storybook making a great gesture of

821
00:38:17,300 --> 00:38:19,690
releasing the man and giving him money

822
00:38:19,690 --> 00:38:23,330
Richard had no heir he named his brother

823
00:38:23,330 --> 00:38:25,370
the 32 year old John as his successor

824
00:38:25,370 --> 00:38:29,750
Richard age 41 died in his mother's arms

825
00:38:29,750 --> 00:38:32,630
England's hero king who detested the

826
00:38:32,630 --> 00:38:34,940
country and had spent six months of his

827
00:38:34,940 --> 00:38:37,640
reign there and the man who'd killed him

828
00:38:37,640 --> 00:38:42,010
was really delighted

829
00:38:51,630 --> 00:38:54,310
his little brother John was never meant

830
00:38:54,310 --> 00:38:56,650
to<font color="

831
00:38:56,650 --> 00:38:58,570
John Lackland because there was

832
00:38:58,570 --> 00:39:01,060
originally no part of the huge on driven

833
00:39:01,060 --> 00:39:04,630
Empire left for him and the three

834
00:39:04,630 --> 00:39:06,580
problems that lurked at the core of

835
00:39:06,580 --> 00:39:09,310
monarchy in<font color="

836
00:39:09,310 --> 00:39:12,250
how did succession work what was the

837
00:39:12,250 --> 00:39:13,840
balance between the king of the church

838
00:39:13,840 --> 00:39:16,660
and what legal limits existed on royal

839
00:39:16,660 --> 00:39:19,830
power especially when it came to taxes

840
00:39:19,830 --> 00:39:22,960
to begin with was he really Richard's

841
00:39:22,960 --> 00:39:25,270
proper successor one of his elder

842
00:39:25,270 --> 00:39:28,000
brothers<font color="

843
00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:30,640
Arthur and there were barons in our Zoo

844
00:39:30,640 --> 00:39:32,950
and Maine who argued that this thirteen

845
00:39:32,950 --> 00:39:35,890
year old was the proper successor they

846
00:39:35,890 --> 00:39:37,920
were supported by philip king of france

847
00:39:37,920 --> 00:39:40,660
the<font color="

848
00:39:40,660 --> 00:39:43,450
dispute was by violence so John went to

849
00:39:43,450 --> 00:39:46,570
war his men captured the boy and he was

850
00:39:46,570 --> 00:39:49,240
never seen again it was generally

851
00:39:49,240 --> 00:39:51,700
believed that John drowned him which was

852
00:39:51,700 --> 00:39:53,920
the wrong way to solve the problem

853
00:39:53,920 --> 00:39:56,080
he'd guaranteed that Arthur would not be

854
00:39:56,080 --> 00:40:00,880
king<font color="

855
00:40:00,880 --> 00:40:02,410
didn't stop the King of France from

856
00:40:02,410 --> 00:40:03,580
keeping the war going

857
00:40:03,580 --> 00:40:06,400
and by 1205 John was driven out of most

858
00:40:06,400 --> 00:40:09,400
of France including Aquitaine and even

859
00:40:09,400 --> 00:40:12,070
<font color="

860
00:40:12,070 --> 00:40:14,560
came up again it was John's bad luck to

861
00:40:14,560 --> 00:40:16,240
be confronted by an exceptionally

862
00:40:16,240 --> 00:40:18,250
militant and aggressive Pope Innocent

863
00:40:18,250 --> 00:40:21,550
the third innocent maintained that Kings

864
00:40:21,550 --> 00:40:25,150
had to submit to Pope's when the

865
00:40:25,150 --> 00:40:27,490
Archbishop of Canterbury died innocent

866
00:40:27,490 --> 00:40:29,260
announced that Stephen Langton<font color="

867
00:40:29,260 --> 00:40:31,240
happened to be English was the new

868
00:40:31,240 --> 00:40:33,970
Archbishop John refused to accept the

869
00:40:33,970 --> 00:40:36,540
Pope's man

870
00:40:38,550 --> 00:40:40,990
Rome wouldn't give ground and neither

871
00:40:40,990 --> 00:40:43,950
would John in 1209 the Vatican

872
00:40:43,950 --> 00:40:45,880
excommunicated the<font color="

873
00:40:45,880 --> 00:40:49,630
his whole kingdom back in England John

874
00:40:49,630 --> 00:40:52,840
attempted to carry on regardless the

875
00:40:52,840 --> 00:40:55,480
Pope declared John deposed and that

876
00:40:55,480 --> 00:40:57,130
anyone who even spoke to him was

877
00:40:57,130 --> 00:41:01,030
excommunicated<font color="

878
00:41:01,030 --> 00:41:04,330
chronicler John decided at this point to

879
00:41:04,330 --> 00:41:07,840
join the enemy in 1213 he sent a

880
00:41:07,840 --> 00:41:09,840
delegation to the Emer of Morocco

881
00:41:09,840 --> 00:41:13,570
offering to adopt Islam and turn England

882
00:41:13,570 --> 00:41:16,150
into an Islamic<font color="

883
00:41:16,150 --> 00:41:19,000
protection that would have turned

884
00:41:19,000 --> 00:41:23,410
history upside-down is it true the M

885
00:41:23,410 --> 00:41:25,660
here according to the story told the M

886
00:41:25,660 --> 00:41:31,360
<font color="

887
00:41:31,360 --> 00:41:34,390
was reduced to total surrender the Pope

888
00:41:34,390 --> 00:41:36,370
demanded that he submit himself as a

889
00:41:36,370 --> 00:41:38,650
facile of the church and that England

890
00:41:38,650 --> 00:41:41,020
should become a papal fief instead of a

891
00:41:41,020 --> 00:41:43,650
sovereign Kingdom

892
00:41:43,650 --> 00:41:46,960
so in 1213 Stephen Langton the new

893
00:41:46,960 --> 00:41:49,210
<font color="

894
00:41:49,210 --> 00:41:51,340
post as a representative of the new

895
00:41:51,340 --> 00:41:55,270
overlord of England in that capacity he

896
00:41:55,270 --> 00:41:57,790
decided to sort out the third issue the

897
00:41:57,790 --> 00:41:59,770
limits of the Kings power over his

898
00:41:59,770 --> 00:42:02,310
subjects

899
00:42:04,630 --> 00:42:07,100
barons were now virtually an organized

900
00:42:07,100 --> 00:42:09,500
<font color="

901
00:42:09,500 --> 00:42:12,350
barons of London Langton presented them

902
00:42:12,350 --> 00:42:14,030
with the Charter issued by Henry the

903
00:42:14,030 --> 00:42:16,130
first and suggested that they demand

904
00:42:16,130 --> 00:42:18,080
something along the same lines but a bit

905
00:42:18,080 --> 00:42:26,120
clearer the Magna Carta this famous

906
00:42:26,120 --> 00:42:29,690
document was<font color="

907
00:42:29,690 --> 00:42:31,700
and Richard had both tried to meet their

908
00:42:31,700 --> 00:42:33,890
costs by massive increases in feudal

909
00:42:33,890 --> 00:42:36,740
dues and legal charges and most of the

910
00:42:36,740 --> 00:42:38,180
Magna Carta is an effort to reverse

911
00:42:38,180 --> 00:42:40,600
these

912
00:42:43,690 --> 00:42:45,940
but there are also other clauses that

913
00:42:45,940 --> 00:42:47,770
show that<font color="

914
00:42:47,770 --> 00:42:50,500
that laws must bind the king himself as

915
00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:52,960
well as everyone else there was a notion

916
00:42:52,960 --> 00:42:55,180
of proper kingship in England and the

917
00:42:55,180 --> 00:42:57,010
Magna Carta tried to spell out what that

918
00:42:57,010 --> 00:42:57,730
<font color="

919
00:42:57,730 --> 00:43:01,000
if Langton had not been an Englishman

920
00:43:01,000 --> 00:43:03,369
the Magna Carta would probably have

921
00:43:03,369 --> 00:43:06,099
looked very different and it was

922
00:43:06,099 --> 00:43:08,470
certainly incomprehensible to Pope

923
00:43:08,470 --> 00:43:11,290
Innocent who saw it as a baffling and

924
00:43:11,290 --> 00:43:13,720
immoral limitation on the absolute power

925
00:43:13,720 --> 00:43:16,690
<font color="

926
00:43:16,690 --> 00:43:20,020
course himself so innocent issued a

927
00:43:20,020 --> 00:43:22,569
papal bull excommunicating anyone who

928
00:43:22,569 --> 00:43:25,030
stood by or tried to carry out Magna

929
00:43:25,030 --> 00:43:27,849
Carta and Stephen Langton found himself

930
00:43:27,849 --> 00:43:30,730
suspended from his job and recalled to

931
00:43:30,730 --> 00:43:34,540
Rome<font color="

932
00:43:34,540 --> 00:43:36,490
the head of an army composed largely of

933
00:43:36,490 --> 00:43:39,130
foreign troops crushing the Barons and

934
00:43:39,130 --> 00:43:43,359
destroying their property and that's why

935
00:43:43,359 --> 00:43:46,390
the Barons went to France and got a new

936
00:43:46,390 --> 00:43:49,599
<font color="

937
00:43:49,599 --> 00:43:51,990
King of France

938
00:43:52,530 --> 00:43:57,369
[Music]

939
00:44:02,070 --> 00:44:06,580
and so came the second French invasion

940
00:44:06,580 --> 00:44:11,230
of England in 1216 it was about the same

941
00:44:11,230 --> 00:44:14,260
size as the invasion of 1066 and Louie

942
00:44:14,260 --> 00:44:17,350
<font color="

943
00:44:17,350 --> 00:44:19,750
general enthusiasm and was hailed as

944
00:44:19,750 --> 00:44:22,150
king of England in a high-mass at some

945
00:44:22,150 --> 00:44:25,000
Paul's Cathedral he set up his own

946
00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:27,010
government and his army began its

947
00:44:27,010 --> 00:44:31,330
pursuit of John's dwindling forces<font color="

948
00:44:31,330 --> 00:44:33,640
was assembling an army to stage the

949
00:44:33,640 --> 00:44:36,250
great final battle and was travelling

950
00:44:36,250 --> 00:44:37,870
along the seashore from Lynne to

951
00:44:37,870 --> 00:44:40,990
Lincolnshire a miscalculation of the

952
00:44:40,990 --> 00:44:44,800
tide was all he needed his whole

953
00:44:44,800 --> 00:44:47,380
<font color="

954
00:44:47,380 --> 00:44:51,210
his treasure and the crown jewels

955
00:44:51,210 --> 00:44:55,570
distraught broken he made his way to an

956
00:44:55,570 --> 00:44:58,240
abbey at swine's Head where he was

957
00:44:58,240 --> 00:45:00,070
comforted with the monks latest

958
00:45:00,070 --> 00:45:04,210
experiment in<font color="

959
00:45:04,210 --> 00:45:07,800
have brought on dysentery fever and

960
00:45:07,800 --> 00:45:11,620
death Louie the first and last the King

961
00:45:11,620 --> 00:45:14,110
no one's ever heard of now controlled

962
00:45:14,110 --> 00:45:16,360
most of the country but the story of

963
00:45:16,360 --> 00:45:18,640
what happened to him and how his memory

964
00:45:18,640 --> 00:45:21,160
was erased<font color="

965
00:45:21,160 --> 00:45:23,730
episode

966
00:45:25,809 --> 00:45:28,339
the story continues with the medieval

967
00:45:28,339 --> 00:45:30,410
kings and queens of England tonight at

968
00:45:30,410 --> 00:45:32,930
10:00 and to find out more about Thomas

969
00:45:32,930 --> 00:45:35,180
Beckett's life and murder sky digital

970
00:45:35,180 --> 00:45:38,299
viewers<font color="

971
00:45:38,299 --> 00:45:40,430
history decisive weapons what a

972
00:45:40,430 --> 00:45:42,859
difference the t-34 tank made to Soviet

973
00:45:42,859 --> 00:45:45,260
fortunes in World War two

974
00:45:45,260 --> 00:00:00,000
[Music]